1. 1行為主義

    Behaviourism is a belief about how we should study the mind. It says: do not build your science on what people tell you they think and feel. Build it on what they do — their behaviour — and on how rewards and punishments change that.

    Behaviourism is a belief about how we should study the mindBehaviourism是關於「我們該怎麼研究心智」的一種主張。It says它說:do not build your science on what people tell you they think and feel不要把科學建立在人們告訴你他們怎麼想、怎麼感覺上。Build it on what they do — their behaviour要建立在他們做了什麼——也就是他們的行為上——and on how rewards and punishments change that還有獎勵和懲罰怎麼改變這些行為。

    The names students meet first are Watson and Skinner; Pavlov's dogs usually appear in lesson one.

    The names students meet first are Watson and Skinner學生最先遇到的名字是Watson和Skinner;Pavlov's dogs usually appear in lesson onePavlov的狗通常第一堂課就會出現。

    It is a classroom and textbook word. British English keeps the u: behaviourism. American books write behaviorism.

    It is a classroom and textbook word這是課堂和教科書用的字。British English keeps the u英式英文保留u:behaviourismbehaviourism。American books write behaviorism美式書寫成behaviorism。

    You will still hear it in class, often as the older view that later psychology argued with. Though actually, teachers still use its tools — a sticker, praise, taking away a privilege — even when they no longer call themselves by this name.

    You will still hear it in class你在課堂上還是會聽到它,often as the older view that later psychology argued with常常是被拿出來當作後來心理學挑戰的舊觀點。Though actually, teachers still use its tools不過其實老師還是在用它的工具 — a sticker, praise, taking away a privilege ——貼紙、稱讚、取消一項特權——even when they no longer call themselves by this name即使他們不再用這個名字稱呼自己。

    It has nothing to do with being well behaved in the polite sense.

    It has nothing to do with being well behaved in the polite sense這跟禮貌上說的「乖、有規矩」一點關係都沒有。

core核心畫面

組成From behaviour + -ism (a system of ideas).

同家族的字

  • behaviourwhat people and animals do; the stem of this word
  • behavethe verb underneath behaviour
  • behaviourista person who follows this school of thought, or an adjective for it

原始詞典資料2 筆記錄

以下是外部詞典記錄的用法,摘錄並精簡格式,我們還沒有寫成教學內容。上面的說明才是我們自己寫的;有些用法可能上面已經講過了。

behaviourismnoun

  • 1

    human-sciencespsychologysciencesBritish standard spelling of behaviorism

  • 2

    human-sciencesphilosophysciencesBritish standard spelling of behaviorism

    • I come back now to the theory of behaviourism which I spoke of a moment ago. Suppose, e.g., that you are said to believe that there is a train at 10.25. This means, we are told, that you start for the station at a certain time. When you reach the station you see it is 10.24 and you run. That behaviour constitutes your belief that there is a train at that time. If you catch your train by running, your belief was true. If the train went at 10.23, you miss it, and your belief was false. That is the sort of thing that they would say constitutes belief. There is not a single state of mind which consists in contemplating this eternal verity, that the train starts at 10.25.
    • One criticism sometimes made of behaviourism is that it fails to make a distinction between someone actually being in pain and someone pretending to be in pain.

摘錄自 英文維基詞典 English Wiktionary,已精簡格式;依 CC BY-SA 4.0 授權使用,改動後的內容同樣以此授權提供。